Potential Mitigation, Prophylactics, and Treatments to Overcome COVID-19

SARS-CoV-2 can naturally grow and spread from bats or rodents. There are different ways to protect oneself from such viruses. Firstly, a thorough diagnosis by different methods of testing, isolating the infected, and phased interaction with people are advanced, societal-level mitigative efforts that could be implemented. Another method of protection is to eat healthy food. Spices contain flavonoids, acetaminophen, and pseudoephedrine;these ingredients are natural and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and cause no harm. Meat that is mildly spiced, and eggs are also good to boost the immune system. Thirdly, herd immunity is a way to protect people from the virus. Around 50,000 infections in a 250-mile radius could help to develop herd immunity, but this is only a prediction. One should visit his physician if he has a high temperature or cough. SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, is a new viral strain containing genetic sequences from HIV and malaria in addition to the SARS virus. COVID-19 also targets the ACE2 receptor, which is present in the lungs, heart, and kidneys. Remdesivir seems to be lowering the viral growth in some clinical studies, and in some conditions, it is still understudied and ineffective to eradicate the virus. Recent reports predicted that around 15 COVID-19 mutants have arisen in the last 5 months. The new mutants could be more active or less active, or even drug-resistant. And lastly, new vaccines or drugs must be discovered or invented in BSL3 labs. COVID-19 can be overcome by following mitigation, prophylaxis, and treatment.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.

Rational identification of potent and broad sarbecovirus-neutralizing antibody cocktails from SARS convalescents.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron sublineages have escaped most receptor-binding domain (RBD)-targeting therapeutic neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), which proves that previous NAb drug screening strategies are deficient against the fast-evolving SARS-CoV-2. Better broad NAb drug candidate selection methods are needed. Here, we describe a rational approach for identifying RBD-targeting broad SARS-CoV-2 NAb cocktails. Based on high-throughput epitope determination, we propose that broad NAb drugs should target non-immunodominant RBD epitopes to avoid herd-immunity-directed escape mutations. Also, their interacting antigen residues should focus on sarbecovirus conserved sites and associate with critical viral functions, making the antibody-escaping mutations less likely to appear. Following these criteria, a featured non-competing antibody cocktail, SA55+SA58, is identified from a large collection of broad sarbecovirus NAbs isolated from SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated SARS convalescents. SA55+SA58 potently neutralizes ACE2-utilizing sarbecoviruses, including circulating Omicron variants, and could serve as broad SARS-CoV-2 prophylactics to offer long-term protection, especially for individuals who are immunocompromised or with high-risk comorbidities.

COVID-19 management landscape: A need for an affordable platform to manufacture safe and efficacious biotherapeutics and prophylactics for the developing countries.

To gain world-wide control over COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to have affordable and accessible vaccine and monoclonal antibody technologies across the globe. In comparison to the western countries, Asian and African countries have less percentage of vaccination done which warrants urgent attention. Global manufacturer production capacities, dependency on advanced nations for the supply of vaccines or the raw material, national economy, limited research facilities, and logistics could be the factors. This review article elaborates the existing therapeutic and prophylactic strategies available for COVID-19, currently adopted vaccine and monoclonal antibody platforms for SARS-CoV-2 along with the approaches to bridge the gap prevailing in the challenges faced by low- and middle-income countries. We believe adoption of yeast-derived P. pastoris technology can help in developing safe, proven, easy to scale-up, and affordable recombinant vaccine or monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. This platform has the advantage of not requiring a dedicated or specialized facility making it an affordable option using existing manufacturing facilities, without significant additional capital investments. Besides, the technology platform of multiantigen vaccine approach and monoclonal antibody cocktail will serve as effective weapons to combat the threat posed by the SARS-CoV-2 variants. Successful development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies using such a technology will lead to self-sufficiency of these nations in terms of availability of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies.

Inhibition of a broad range of SARS-CoV-2 variants by antiviral phytochemicals in hACE2 mice.

Although several vaccines and antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 are currently available, control and prevention of COVID-19 through these interventions is limited due to inaccessibility and economic issues in some regions and countries. Moreover, incomplete viral clearance by ineffective therapeutics may lead to rapid genetic evolution, resulting in the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants that may escape the host immune system as well as currently available COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we report that phytochemicals extracted from Chlorella spp. and Psidium guajava possess broad-spectrum antiviral activity against a range of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Through chromatography-based screening, we identified four bioactive compounds and subsequently demonstrated their potential antiviral activities in vivo. Interestingly, in hACE2 mice, treatment with these compounds significantly attenuates SARS-CoV-2-induced proinflammatory responses, demonstrating their potential anti-inflammatory activity. Collectively, our study suggests that phytochemicals from edible plants may be readily available therapeutics and prophylactics against multiple SARS-CoV-2 strains and variants.